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A VERY RARE DOCUMENT ROCKINGHAM STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE PORTSMOUTH FROM 1803 SIGNED BY JUSTICE OF THE PEACE ISAAC RINDGE Portsmouth is a New Hampshire port city on the Piscataqua River. Notable 17th- and 18th-century houses include several within Strawbery Banke Museum, where costumed staff demonstrate traditional crafts. Nearby, the 1855 North Church presides over downtown’s Market Square. Prescott Park has riverside gardens and boat docks. Northwest, former research submarine USS Albacore is in a park, alongside a visitor center Rockingham County is a county in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. As of the 2020 census, the population was 314,176,[1] making it New Hampshire’s second-most populous county. The county seat is Brentwood.[2] Rockingham County is part of the Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH Metropolitan Statistical Area and the greater Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT Combined Statistical Area. Per the 2020 census, it was New Hampshire’s fastest growing county from 2010 to 2020.[3] As of 2014–2018 estimates from the American Community Survey, Rockingham County was the fourth- wealthiest county in New England, with a median household income of $90,429.[4] HistoryThe area that today is Rockingham County was first settled by Europeans moving north from the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts as early as 1623. The government was linked tightly with Massachusetts until New Hampshire became a separate colony in 1679, but counties were not introduced until 1769. Rockingham was identified in 1769 as one of five original counties for the colony. It is named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, who had been Prime Minister from 1765 to 1766. The county was organized in 1771, with its county seat at Exeter. In 1823, certain townships from northwestern Rockingham (and some northern townships from Hillsborough Country) became part of the formation of Merrimack County. In 1844, its area was further reduced by the formation of Belknap County to the northwest. In 1997, the county court facilities were moved to Brentwood, a rural town adjacent to Exeter.[5] GeographyThe county occupies the southeastern corner of the state of New Hampshire, and it contains the state’s easternmost point. The county contains all of New Hampshire’s Atlantic coast, which, at approximately 18 miles (29 km), is the shortest ocean coastline of any state in the U.S.[6] According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 795 square miles (2,060 km2), of which 695 square miles (1,800 km2) are land and 100 square miles (260 km2) (13%) are water.[7] Its highest point is Nottingham Mountain, at 1,340 feet (410 m), in Deerfield. Adjacent countiesStrafford County (north)York County, Maine (northeast)Essex County, Massachusetts (south)Hillsborough County (west)Merrimack County (northwest)National protected areaGreat Bay National Wildlife RefugeDemographicsHistorical populationCensusPop.Note%±179043,184—180045,4275.2%181050,17510.5%182055,24610.1%183044,325−19.8%184045,7713.3%185049,1947.5%186050,1221.9%187047,297−5.6%188049,0643.7%189049,6501.2%190051,1183.0%191052,1882.1%192052,4980.6%193053,7502.4%194058,1428.2%195070,05920.5%196099,02941.4%1970138,95140.3%1980190,34537.0%1990245,84529.2%2000277,35912.8%2010295,2236.4%2020314,1766.4%2022 (est.)319,424[8]1.7%U.S. Decennial Census[9]1790-1960[10] 1900-1990[11]1990-2000[12] 2010-2020[1]2010 censusAs of the census of 2010, there were 295,223 people, 115,033 households, and 79,832 families living in the county.[13] The population density was 425.0 inhabitants per square mile (164.1/km2). There were 126,709 housing units at an average density of 182.4 per square mile (70.4/km2).[14] The racial makeup of the county was 95.5% white, 1.7% Asian, 0.7% black or African American, 0.2% American Indian, 0.6% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 2.1% of the population.[13] In terms of ancestry, 26.9% were Irish, 19.0% were English, 14.8% were Italian, 9.7% were German, 7.3% were French Canadian, 5.6% were Polish, and 3.8% were American.[15] Of the 115,033 households, 32.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.4% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 30.6% were non-families, and 23.5% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.03. The median age was 42.2 years.[13] The median income for a household in the county was $75,825 and the median income for a family was $90,463. Males had a median income of $61,443 versus $42,478 for females. The per capita income for the county was $35,889. About 3.0% of families and 4.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.9% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over.[16] 2000 censusAs of the census of 2000, there were 277,359 people, 104,529 households, and 74,320 families living in the county. The population density was 399 inhabitants per square mile (154/km2). There were 113,023 housing units at an average density of 163 per square mile (63/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 96.80% White, 0.58% Black or African American, 0.18% Native American, 1.11% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.38% from other races, and 0.92% from two or more races. 1.19% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 18.1% were of Irish, 14.6% English, 11.8% Italian, 10.5% French, 8.0% French Canadian, 6.0% German and 5.6% American ancestry. 94.3% spoke English, 1.8% French and 1.3% Spanish as their first language. There were 104,529 households, out of which 35.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.50% were married couples living together, 8.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.90% were non-families. 22.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.11. In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.40% under the age of 18, 6.20% from 18 to 24, 32.80% from 25 to 44, 24.40% from 45 to 64, and 10.10% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.40 males. The median income for a household in the county was $58,150, and the median income for a family was $66,345. (These figures had risen to $72,600 and $85,361 respectively, as of a 2007 estimate.) Males had a median income of $45,598 versus $30,741 for females. The per capita income for the county was $26,656. About 3.10% of families and 4.50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.00% of those under age 18 and 6.40% of those age 65 or over. Politics and governmentRockingham County has historically been a Republican stronghold, but the county is now competitive. Three Democratic presidential nominees have won it since 1964, including Joe Biden in 2020, who was the first to win a majority since Lyndon B. Johnson. The county is divided between the Democratic stronghold that is the Seacoast Region, and the conservative western portions of the county. Rockingham County is one of only thirteen counties to have voted for Obama in 2008, Romney in 2012, Trump in 2016, and Biden in 2020.[a] United States presidential election results for Rockingham County, New Hampshire[17] YearRepublicanDemocraticThird partyNo. %No. %No. %202095,85848.09%100,06450.20%3,4201.72%201690,44749.85%79,99444.09%10,9936.06%201287,92151.59%80,14247.03%2,3601.38%200881,91748.81%83,72349.89%2,1821.30%200482,06951.68%75,43747.50%1,3100.82%200065,86049.09%61,62845.93%6,6854.98%199646,20140.80%53,64447.37%13,40311.84%199247,35338.25%44,31735.80%32,13625.96%198864,03463.15%35,77535.28%1,5961.57%198457,58669.01%25,55730.63%2970.36%198045,96057.83%21,71227.32%11,80214.85%197636,73853.92%30,05144.11%1,3411.97%197238,82563.09%21,99835.75%7181.17%196828,84254.98%21,19540.41%2,4194.61%196419,49841.70%27,25658.30%00.00%196028,03262.16%17,06337.84%00.00%195628,22673.42%10,19826.53%180.05%195226,28068.58%12,04031.42%00.00%194818,89060.68%11,93738.35%3010.97%194417,14456.55%13,17043.44%20.01%194016,22353.68%14,00146.32%00.00%193615,46654.75%12,20743.21%5762.04%193214,90256.44%11,36343.03%1400.53%192817,59069.18%7,78230.61%530.21%192414,53068.42%6,07328.60%6342.99%192013,81167.29%6,58232.07%1320.64%19165,86650.29%5,63748.32%1621.39%19124,23137.54%4,30638.21%2,73324.25%19086,81460.34%4,11836.47%3613.20%19047,21660.97%4,32036.50%2992.53%19007,36359.29%4,71938.00%3372.71%18967,88169.32%2,99226.32%4964.36%18926,38050.75%5,96147.42%2301.83%18886,45048.76%6,55349.54%2261.71%18846,16250.63%5,68246.69%3262.68%18806,96053.25%5,98945.82%1210.93%18766,42253.51%5,57646.46%30.02%County CommissionThe executive power of Rockingham County’s government is held by three county commissioners, each representing one of the three commissioner districts within the county.[18] DistrictsNameHometownPartyDistrict 1Kate CoylePortsmouth, NHDemocraticDistrict 2Steven L. GodduSalem, NHRepublicanDistrict 3Brian ChirichielloDerry, NHRepublicanIn addition to the County Commission, there are five directly elected officials: they include County Attorney, Register of Deeds, County Sheriff, Register of Probate, and County Treasurer.[19] OfficeNameCounty AttorneyPatricia Conway (R)Register of DeedsCathy Stacey (R)County SheriffChuck Massahos (R)Register of ProbateLisa Massahos (R)County TreasurerScott Priestley (R)Legislative branchThe legislative branch of Rockingham County is made up of the members of the New Hampshire House of Representatives from the county. In total, as of August 2018 there are 90 members from 37 different districts. AffiliationMembersVoting shareDemocratic Party2932.2%Republican Party6167.8%Total90100%After redistricting based on the 2010 United States census, Rockingham County was split between 8 state senate districts:[20] DistrictAreas of Rockingham CountySenatorPartyFirst electedResidence14Londonderry, AuburnSharon CarsonRepublican2010Londonderry16CandiaKevin CavanaughDemocratic2017Manchester17Raymond, Northwood, Nottingham, DeerfieldJohn ReaganRepublican2012Deerfield19Windham, Derry, HampsteadRegina BirdsellRepublican2014Hampstead21Portsmouth, Newington, Newmarket, NewfieldsRebecca Perkins KwokaDemocratic2020Portsmouth22Salem, Atkinston, PlaistowChuck MorseRepublican2010Salem23Exeter, Brentwood, Epping, Fremont, Kingston, East Kingston, Danville, Sandown, ChesterBill GannonRepublican2020Sandown24New Castle, Rye, Stratham, North Hampton, Greenland, Hampton, Hampton Falls, Seabrook, Kensington, South Hampton NewtonTom ShermanDemocratic2018RyeAttractionsStrawbery Banke Museum in Portsmouth is a collection of historic buildings from the 17th through 19th centuries. Canobie Lake Park, in Salem, is an amusement park that opened in 1902. Rockingham Park racetrack, which featured weekly horse racing until 2009, was also in Salem. The site of the former track, next to the Mall at Rockingham Park, is being redeveloped as Tuscan Village, a mixed-use development. America’s Stonehenge, which claims to be a pre-Columbian collection of stone structures, is in northern Salem. Derry was home to poet Robert Frost, who taught at nearby Pinkerton Academy. His home, the Robert Frost Farm, has been preserved as a state park. Rockingham County is also home to New Hampshire’s entire seacoast and features several popular resort towns. Hampton Beach has a boardwalk and Hampton Beach Casino Ballroom. Rye features several undeveloped beaches such as Odiorne Point State Park and contains New Hampshire’s portion of the Isles of Shoals. Seabrook contains Seabrook Greyhound Park and the Seabrook Nuclear Power Plant, the last nuclear plant opened in the United States. Communities Map of school administrative units in Rockingham CountyCityPortsmouthTownsAtkinsonAuburnBrentwood (county seat)CandiaChesterDanvilleDeerfieldDerryEast KingstonEppingExeterFremontGreenlandHampsteadHamptonHampton FallsKensingtonKingstonLondonderryNew CastleNewfieldsNewingtonNewmarketNewtonNorth HamptonNorthwoodNottinghamPlaistowRaymondRyeSalemSandownSeabrookSouth HamptonStrathamWindhamCensus-designated placesDerryEppingExeterHamptonHampton BeachLondonderryNewfieldsNewmarketRaymondSeabrook BeachVillagesCandia Four CornersEast CandiaEast DerryEast HampsteadNewton JunctionNorth SalemWest NottinghamEducationSchool districts include:[21] K-12 districtsEpping School DistrictLondonderry School DistrictNewmarket School DistrictPortsmouth School DistrictRaymond School DistrictSalem School DistrictSanborn Regional School DistrictTimberlane Regional School DistrictWindham School DistrictSecondary districtsExeter Regional Cooperative School DistrictWinnacunnet Cooperative School DistrictElementary districtsAuburn School DistrictBrentwood School DistrictCandia School DistrictChester School DistrictDeerfield School DistrictDerry School DistrictEast Kingston School DistrictExeter School DistrictFremont School DistrictGreenland School DistrictHampstead School DistrictHampton School DistrictHampton Falls School DistrictKensington School DistrictNew Castle School DistrictNewfields School DistrictNewington School DistrictNorth Hampton School DistrictNorthwood School DistrictNottingham School DistrictRye School DistrictSeabrook School DistrictSouth Hampton School DistrictStratham School DistrictThere is also a privately endowed, publicly funded school, Pinkerton Academy in Derry. Towns in Rockingham County that send their public high school students to Pinkerton, other than Derry, include: Auburn, Candia, Chester, and Hampstead.[22] Prior to 1978 Londonderry sent its high schoolers to Pinkerton.[23] Previously Auburn and Candia sent high school students to the Manchester School District.[24][25] Notable person Portsmouth is a city in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. At the 2020 census it had a population of 21,956.[2] A historic seaport and popular summer tourist destination on the Piscataqua River bordering the state of Maine, Portsmouth was formerly the home of the Strategic Air Command’s Pease Air Force Base, since converted to Portsmouth International Airport at Pease. HistoryAmerican Indians of the Abenaki and other Algonquian languages-speaking nations, and their predecessors, inhabited the territory of coastal New Hampshire for thousands of years before European contact. The first known European to explore and write about the area was Martin Pring in 1603. The Piscataqua River is a tidal estuary with a swift current, but forms a good natural harbor. The west bank of the harbor was settled by European colonists in 1630 and named Strawbery Banke, after the many wild strawberries growing there. The village was protected by Fort William and Mary on what is now New Castle Island. Strategically located for trade between upstream industries and mercantile interests abroad, the port prospered. Fishing, lumber and shipbuilding were principal businesses of the region.[3] Enslaved Africans were imported as laborers as early as 1645 and were integral to building the city’s prosperity.[4] Portsmouth was part of the Triangle Trade, which made significant profits from slavery. Market Square in 1853 Portsmouth Harbor, New Hampshire by William James Glackens (1909) Waterfront, 1917At the town’s incorporation in 1653, it was named “Portsmouth” in honor of the colony’s founder, John Mason. He had been captain of the English port of Portsmouth, Hampshire, after which New Hampshire is named. When Queen Anne’s War ended in 1712, Governor Joseph Dudley selected the town to host negotiations for the 1713 Treaty of Portsmouth, which temporarily ended hostilities between the Abenaki Indians and the colonies of Massachusetts Bay and New Hampshire.[3] In 1774, in the lead-up to the Revolution, Paul Revere rode to Portsmouth warning that the British Royal Navy was coming to capture the port.[5] Although Fort William and Mary protected the harbor, the Patriot government moved the capital inland to Exeter, which ensured that it would be under no threat from the Royal Navy, which bombarded Falmouth (now Portland, Maine) instead on October 18, 1775. Portsmouth was the destination for several of Beaumarchais’s ships containing materiel, such as artillery, tents, and gunpowder, to help the American revolutionary effort.[6] African Americans helped defend Portsmouth and New England during the war. In 1779, 19 enslaved African Americans from Portsmouth wrote a petition to the state legislature and asked that it abolish slavery, in recognition of their war contributions and in keeping with the principles of the Revolution.[4] The legislature tabled their petition. New Hampshire abolished slavery in 1857, by which time the institution was effectively extinct in the state. Thomas Jefferson’s 1807 embargo against American trade with Britain severely disrupted New England’s trade with Canada, and several local businessmen went bankrupt. Portsmouth was host to numerous privateers during the War of 1812. In 1849, Portsmouth was incorporated as a city.[3] Once one of the nation’s busiest ports and shipbuilding cities, Portsmouth expressed its wealth in fine architecture. It has significant examples of Colonial, Georgian, and Federal style houses, some of which are now museums. Portsmouth’s heart has stately brick Federalist stores and townhouses, built all-of-a-piece after devastating early 19th-century fires. The worst was in 1813 when 244 buildings burned.[3] A fire district was created that required all new buildings within its boundaries to be built of brick with slate roofs; this created the downtown’s distinctive appearance. The city was also noted for the production of boldly wood-veneered federal-style (neoclassical) furniture, particularly by the master cabinet maker Langley Boardman. The Industrial Revolution spurred economic growth in New Hampshire mill towns such as Dover, Keene, Laconia, Manchester, Nashua and Rochester, where rivers provided water power for the mills. It shifted growth to the new mill towns. The port of Portsmouth declined, but the city survived Victorian-era doldrums, a time described in the works of Thomas Bailey Aldrich, particularly in his 1869 novel The Story of a Bad Boy. In the 20th century, the city founded a Historic District Commission, which has worked to protect much of the city’s irreplaceable architectural legacy. In 2008, the National Trust for Historic Preservation named Portsmouth one of the “Dozen Distinctive Destinations”.[7] The compact and walkable downtown on the waterfront draws tourists and artists, who each summer throng the cafes, restaurants and shops around Market Square. Portsmouth annually celebrates the revitalization of its downtown (in particular Market Square) with Market Square Day,[8] a celebration dating back to 1977, produced by the non-profit Pro Portsmouth, Inc. This emphasis on historic preservation and revitalization was the result of much pain and destruction. Portsmouth is largely walkable due to its network of streets and tight blocks filled with preserved Revolution-era homes. However, like many other cities all over the region (and nation), Portsmouth was hit by Urban Renewal, a planning tool used nationwide to provide Federal funds to address “urban blight” and revitalize downtown cores after decades of suburbanization and loss of tax revenue. An urban renewal district for Portsmouth was its North End neighborhood, which similar to Boston’s, was home to an Italian-American population.[9] In 1964, federal funds were allocated to the North End project area in Portsmouth, for urban renewal. Prior to redevelopment, the North End was a mix of residential and commercial buildings, with many older houses converted into storefronts with apartments above. In the mid-1960s, the area was considered overcrowded, run down, and a fire hazard. As a result, the Portsmouth Housing Authority proposed the destruction of approximately 200 buildings, a school, and a church and redevelopment for commercial, industrial, and public use, rather than for residences. The project would displace approximately 300 families as a result. In 1968, Portsmouth Preservation Inc., a preservation organization was formed to attempt to save some of the historic building stock in the area slated for redevelopment. After bitter fighting and preservation advocacy, just fourteen houses were saved and mostly moved to an area known today as “The Hill”.[10] This preservation was only the beginning, and eventually efforts conspired to created the afformentioned historic district. Urban renewal was many events that led to its creation. Portsmouth shipbuilding history has had a long symbiotic relationship with Kittery, Maine, across the Piscataqua River. In 1781–1782, the naval hero John Paul Jones lived in Portsmouth while he supervised construction of his ship Ranger, which was built on nearby Badger’s Island in Kittery. During that time, he boarded at the Captain Gregory Purcell house, which now bears Jones’ name, as it is the only surviving property in the United States associated with him. Built by the master housewright Hopestill Cheswell, an African American,[11] it has been designated as a National Historic Landmark. It now serves as the Portsmouth Historical Society Museum. The Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, established in 1800 as the first federal navy yard, is on Seavey’s Island in Kittery, Maine.[12] The base is famous for being the site of the 1905 signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth[13] which ended the Russo-Japanese War. Though US President Theodore Roosevelt orchestrated the peace conference that brought Russian and Japanese diplomats to Portsmouth and the Shipyard, he never came to Portsmouth, relying on the Navy and people of New Hampshire as the hosts. Roosevelt won the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize for his diplomacy in bringing about an end to the war. Geography Portsmouth downtown from I-95According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 16.8 square miles (43.6 km2), of which 15.7 square miles (40.6 km2) are land and 1.2 square miles (3.0 km2), or 6.92%, are water.[14] Portsmouth is drained by Berrys Brook, Sagamore Creek and the Piscataqua River, which is the boundary between New Hampshire and Maine. The highest point in the city is 110 feet (34 m) above sea level, within Pease International Airport. ClimateAccording to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Portsmouth has a warm-summer humid continental climate, abbreviated “Dfb” on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded in Portsmouth was 104 °F (40.0 °C) on August 2, 1975, while the coldest temperature recorded was −26 °F (−32.2 °C) on January 22, 1984.[15] Climate data for Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1954–presentMonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYearRecord high °F (°C)71(22)75(24)89(32)94(34)94(34)97(36)102(39)104(40)96(36)88(31)78(26)75(24)104(40)Mean maximum °F (°C)55.3(12.9)56.8(13.8)66.0(18.9)81.2(27.3)88.1(31.2)91.3(32.9)93.6(34.2)92.0(33.3)88.3(31.3)78.4(25.8)68.9(20.5)57.8(14.3)95.3(35.2)Mean daily maximum °F (°C)32.6(0.3)35.6(2.0)43.3(6.3)55.8(13.2)66.1(18.9)75.0(23.9)80.5(26.9)79.4(26.3)71.8(22.1)59.7(15.4)48.1(8.9)37.8(3.2)57.1(14.0)Daily mean °F (°C)24.4(−4.2)26.6(−3.0)34.3(1.3)45.3(7.4)55.4(13.0)64.5(18.1)70.3(21.3)69.1(20.6)61.7(16.5)50.1(10.1)39.7(4.3)30.0(−1.1)47.6(8.7)Mean daily minimum °F (°C)16.3(−8.7)17.6(−8.0)25.3(−3.7)34.8(1.6)44.8(7.1)54.1(12.3)60.1(15.6)58.8(14.9)51.7(10.9)40.5(4.7)31.2(−0.4)22.3(−5.4)38.1(3.4)Mean minimum °F (°C)−4.2(−20.1)−1.2(−18.4)6.4(−14.2)22.7(−5.2)31.1(−0.5)41.2(5.1)49.4(9.7)47.5(8.6)35.4(1.9)26.4(−3.1)16.1(−8.8)4.8(−15.1)−6.9(−21.6)Record low °F (°C)−26(−32)−15(−26)−8(−22)10(−12)15(−9)32(0)38(3)33(1)23(−5)14(−10)−6(−21)−17(−27)−26(−32)Average precipitation inches (mm)3.63(92)3.57(91)4.77(121)4.56(116)3.95(100)4.59(117)3.89(99)3.66(93)4.08(104)4.95(126)4.12(105)4.88(124)50.65(1,288)Average snowfall inches (cm)17.1(43)15.8(40)13.9(35)2.3(5.8)0.0(0.0)0.0(0.0)0.0(0.0)0.0(0.0)0.0(0.0)0.1(0.25)1.6(4.1)14.2(36)65.0(165)Average extreme snow depth inches (cm)11.0(28)12.5(32)11.2(28)2.1(5.3)0.0(0.0)0.0(0.0)0.0(0.0)0.0(0.0)0.0(0.0)0.0(0.0)0.8(2.0)8.4(21)17.9(45)Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)10.69.310.911.111.311.310.78.79.110.610.911.3125.8Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)6.95.94.60.90.00.00.00.00.00.01.05.324.6Source: NOAA[16][15][17]DemographicsHistorical populationCensusPop.Note%±17904,720—18005,33913.1%18106,93429.9%18207,3275.7%18308,0269.5%18407,887−1.7%18509,73823.5%18609,335−4.1%18709,211−1.3%18809,6905.2%18909,8271.4%190010,6378.2%191011,2695.9%192013,56920.4%193014,4956.8%194014,8212.2%195018,83027.0%196026,90042.9%197025,717−4.4%198026,2542.1%199025,925−1.3%200020,784−19.8%201021,2332.2%202021,9563.4%sources:[2][18]Portsmouth is the sole city in Rockingham County, but the fourth-largest municipality, with fewer people than the towns of Derry, Londonderry, and Salem. As of the census of 2010, there were 21,233 people, 10,014 households, and 4,736 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,361.1 people per square mile (525.5 people/km2). There were 10,625 housing units at an average density of 681.1 per square mile (263.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 91.5% White, 1.7% African American, 0.2% Native American, 3.5% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.7% some other race, and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.8% of the population.[19] There were 10,014 households, out of which 20.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.5% were headed by married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 52.7% were non-families. 39.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.8% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.03, and the average family size was 2.75.[19] In the city, the population was spread out, with 16.6% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 32.2% from 25 to 44, 27.6% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.6 males.[19] For the period 2010–2014, the city’s estimated median annual household income was $67,679, and the median family income was $90,208. Male full-time workers had a median income of $58,441 versus $45,683 for females. The city’s per capita income for the city was $42,724. About 4.0% of families and 7.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.9% of those under age 18 and 7.1% of those age 65 or over.[20] Economy Jefferson Street at the Strawbery Banke MuseumHeinemann USA is based in Portsmouth. Before its dissolution, Boston-Maine Airways (Pan Am Clipper Connection), a regional airline, was also headquartered in Portsmouth.[21] Companies with headquarters in Portsmouth include packaged software producer Bottomline Technologies and frozen yogurt maker Sweet Scoops. Top employersAccording to the city’s 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[22] the top ten employers in the city are: #EmployerEmployees1US Dept of State Consular Center1,3002Lonza Biologics1,1003Liberty Mutual1,0004HCA Hospital1,0005City of Portsmouth8176Bottomline Technologies6387John Hancock4008Service Credit Union3789Amadeus36210High Liner Foods330Arts and cultureThe Portsmouth Downtown Historic District encompasses the city’s historic urban core and Market Square.[23] The city has a vibrant restaurant culture. In 2023, it was reported that the city had 36,000 restaurant seats for a population of 22,000.[24] Sites of interest Street musicians perform across from North Church (July 2014)USS Albacore Museum & Park – a museum featuring the USS Albacore, a U.S. Navy submarine used for testing, which was decommissioned in 1972 and moved to the park in 1985. The submarine is open for tours.Buckminster House – built in 1725, formerly a funeral parlor.[25][26]Cabot Lyford four public sculptures – including “The Whale” and “My Mother the Wind,” a seven-ton blank granite statue which was installed on Portsmouth’s waterfront in 1975.[27]The Music Hall – a 900-seat theater opened in 1878.[28]New Hampshire Theatre Project – founded in 1986, a non-profit theater organization producing contemporary and classical works, and offering educational programs.[29]North Church – historic church, the steeple of which is visible from most of PortsmouthThe Player’s Ring Theater – a black-box theater that produces original work from local playwrights.Pontine Theatre – produces original theater works based on the history, culture and literature of New England at their 50-seat black box venue.[30]Portsmouth African Burying Ground – a memorial park and the only archeologically verified 18th-century African burying ground in New England.Portsmouth Athenæum – a private membership library, museum and art gallery open to the public at certain times.Portsmouth Harbor Lighthouse – first established in 1771, the current structure was built in 1878 and is open for monthly tours from May through September.Portsmouth Historical Society – founded in 1917, includes museum galleries, a gift shop, welcome center, walking tours, and operates the John Paul Jones House.[31]Prescott Park Arts Festival – summer entertainments in Portsmouth’s waterfront park since 1974.[32]Rockingham Hotel and the Library Restaurant – historic former hotel and contemporary restaurant. Built in 1885, it is a prominent early example of Colonial Revival architecture.Seacoast Repertory Theatre – founded in 1988, a professional theater troupe.[33]Strawbery Banke Museum – a neighborhood featuring several dozen restored historic homes in Colonial, Georgian and Federal styles of architecture. The site of one of Portsmouth’s earliest settlements.Whaling Wall – Painting of Isles of Shoals Humpbacks created by Robert Wyland, situated on the back of Cabot House Furniture. It is in disrepair, and restoration has not been allowed by the owners of Cabot Furniture.[34]Historic house museums Governor John Langdon HouseRichard Jackson House (1664)John Paul Jones House (1758)Governor John Langdon House (1784)Tobias Lear House (1740)Moffatt-Ladd House (also called William Whipple House) (1763)Rundlet-May House (1807)MacPheadris-Warner House (1716)Wentworth-Coolidge Mansion (1750)Wentworth-Gardner House (also called Wentworth House) (1760)Henry Sherburne House (1766)SportsThe Seacoast United Phantoms are a soccer team based in Portsmouth. Founded in 1996, the team plays in the Northeast Division of USL League Two (USL2), one of the unofficial fourth-tier leagues of the American Soccer Pyramid. Freedom Rugby Football Club is a men’s rugby union team based in Portsmouth, founded in the summer of 2014. The club is an active member of USA Rugby and New England Rugby Football Union (NERFU). GovernmentThe city of Portsmouth operates under a council-manager system of government. Portsmouth elects a nine-member at-large City Council to serve as the city’s primary legislative body.[35] The candidate who receives the most votes is designated the Mayor (currently Deaglan McEachern), while the candidate receiving the second-highest vote total is designated the Assistant Mayor (currently Joanna Kelley). While the mayor and council convene to establish municipal policy, the City Manager (currently Karen Conard) oversees the city’s day-to-day operations.[36] Portsmouth city voteby party in presidential elections[37] Portsmouth is part of New Hampshire’s 1st congressional district, currently represented by Democrat Chris Pappas. Portsmouth is part of the Executive Council’s 3rd district, currently represented by Republican Janet Stevens. In the State Senate, Portsmouth is represented by Democrat Rebecca Perkins Kwoka. In the State House of Representatives, Portsmouth is divided among the 25th through 31st Rockingham districts.[38][39] Politically, Portsmouth is a center of liberal politics and a stronghold for the Democratic Party. Ronald Reagan was the last Republican presidential nominee to carry the city in his 1984 landslide reelection. In 2016, Portsmouth voted 67.70% for Hillary Clinton in the presidential election, 62.53% for Colin Van Ostern in the gubernatorial election, 64.48% for Maggie Hassan in the senatorial election, and 62.16% for Carol Shea-Porter in the congressional election.[40] In 2014, Portsmouth voted 70.05% for Maggie Hassan in the gubernatorial election, 67.34% for Jeanne Shaheen in the senatorial election, and 68.34% for Carol Shea-Porter in the congressional election. In 2012, Portsmouth voted 67.56% for Barack Obama in the presidential election, 70.16% for Maggie Hassan in the gubernatorial election, and 68.50% for Carol Shea-Porter in the congressional election.[41] In March 2014, Portsmouth became the first municipality in New Hampshire to implement protections for city employees from discrimination on the basis of gender identity, by a 9–0 vote of the city council.[42] EducationCommunity College System of New Hampshire, Great Bay Community College – Portsmouth campusFranklin Pierce University – Portsmouth campusGranite State College – Portsmouth campus and on-site location at Great Bay Community CollegeMediaPrintThe New Hampshire GazetteThe Portsmouth HeraldSee also: List of newspapers in New Hampshire in the 18th century: PortsmouthRadioWSCA-LP Portsmouth Community Radio 106.1 FMWHEB 100.3 FM rock formattedInfrastructureTransportationThe city is crossed by Interstate 95, U.S. Route 1, U.S. Route 4, New Hampshire Route 1A, New Hampshire Route 16, and New Hampshire Route 33. Boston is 55 miles (89 km) to the south, Portland, Maine, is 53 miles (85 km) to the northeast, and Dover, New Hampshire, is 13 miles (21 km) to the northwest. The Cooperative Alliance for Seacoast Transportation (COAST) operates a publicly funded bus network in the Seacoast region of New Hampshire and neighboring Maine including service in, to and from Portsmouth.[43] C&J is a private intercity bus carrier connecting Portsmouth with coastal New Hampshire and Boston, as well as direct service to New York City.[44] Wildcat Transit, operated by the University of New Hampshire, provides regular bus service to the UNH campus in Durham and intermediate stops. The service is free for students, faculty and staff and $1.50 for the general public.[45] Amtrak’s Downeaster train service, is available in Dover and Durham, nearby to the northwest. Allegiant Air offers scheduled airline service from Portsmouth International Airport at Pease (PSM).[46] Sister citiesPortsmouth’s sister cities are:[47] Morocco Agadir, MoroccoNorthern Ireland Carrickfergus, Northern Ireland, United KingdomGhana Kitase, GhanaJapan Nichinan, JapanEstonia Pärnu, EstoniaRussia Severodvinsk, RussiaPortsmouth also has friendly relations with:[47] England Portsmouth, England, United KingdomItaly Santarcangelo di Romagna, ItalyHungary Szolnok, HungaryNotable peopleMain article: List of people from Portsmouth, New HampshireSee alsoflagNew Hampshire portalPortsmouth Public Library (New Hampshire)2006 Little League World Series, when a team from Portsmouth advanced to the quarter-finalsUSS Portsmouth, 4 ships New Hampshire (/ˈhæmpʃər/ HAMP-shər) is a state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It borders Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Gulf of Maine to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. Of the 50 U.S. states, New Hampshire is the fifth smallest by area and the tenth least populous, with a population of 1,377,529 residents as of the 2020 census. Concord is the state capital and Manchester is the most populous city. New Hampshire’s motto, “Live Free or Die”, reflects its role in the American Revolutionary War; its nickname, “The Granite State”, refers to its extensive granite formations and quarries.[10] It is well known nationwide for holding the first primary (after the Iowa caucus) in the U.S. presidential election cycle, and for its resulting influence on American electoral politics. New Hampshire was inhabited for thousands of years by Algonquian-speaking peoples such as the Abenaki. Europeans arrived in the early 17th century, with the English establishing some of the earliest non-indigenous settlements. The Province of New Hampshire was established in 1629, named after the English county of Hampshire.[11] Following mounting tensions between the British colonies and the crown during the 1760s, New Hampshire saw one of the earliest overt acts of rebellion, with the seizing of Fort William and Mary from the British in 1774. In January 1776, it became the first of the British North American colonies to establish an independent government and state constitution; six months later, it signed the United States Declaration of Independence and contributed troops, ships, and supplies in the war against Britain. In June 1788, it was the ninth state to ratify the U.S. Constitution, bringing that document into effect. Through the mid-19th century, New Hampshire was an active center of abolitionism, and fielded close to 32,000 Union soldiers during the U.S. Civil War. After the war, the state saw rapid industrialization and population growth, becoming a center of textile manufacturing, shoemaking, and papermaking; the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company in Manchester was at one time the largest cotton textile plant in the world. The Merrimack and Connecticut rivers were lined with industrial mills, most of which employed workers from Canada and Europe; French Canadians formed the most significant influx of immigrants, and today roughly a quarter of all New Hampshire residents have French American ancestry, second only to Maine. Reflecting a nationwide trend, New Hampshire’s industrial sector declined after World War II. Since 1950, its economy diversified to include financial and professional services, real estate, education, transportation and high-tech, with manufacturing still higher than the national average.[12] Beginning in the 1950s, its population surged as major highways connected it to Greater Boston and led to more commuter towns. New Hampshire is among the wealthiest and most-educated states.[13] It is one of nine states without an income tax and has no taxes on sales, capital gains, or inheritance while relying heavily on local property taxes to fund education; consequently, its state tax burden is among the lowest in the country. It ranks among the top ten states in metrics such as governance, healthcare, socioeconomic opportunity, and fiscal stability.[14][15] New Hampshire is one of the least religious states and known for its libertarian-leaning political culture; it was until recently a swing state in presidential elections.[16] With its mountainous and heavily forested terrain, New Hampshire has a growing tourism sector centered on outdoor recreation. It has some of the highest ski mountains on the East Coast and is a major destination for winter sports; Mount Monadnock is among the most climbed mountains in the U.S. Other activities include observing the fall foliage, summer cottages along many lakes and the seacoast, motorsports at the New Hampshire Motor Speedway in Loudon, and Motorcycle Week, a popular motorcycle rally held in Weirs Beach in Laconia. The White Mountain National Forest includes most of the Appalachian Trail between Vermont and Maine, and has the Mount Washington Auto Road, where visitors may drive to the top of 6,288-foot (1,917 m) Mount Washington. HistoryMain article: History of New Hampshire The historical coat of arms of New Hampshire, from 1876Various Algonquian-speaking Abenaki tribes, largely divided between the Androscoggin, Cowasuck and Pennacook nations, inhabited the area before European settlement.[17] Despite the similar language, they had a very different culture and religion from other Algonquian peoples. Indigenous people lived near Keene, New Hampshire 12,000 years ago, according to 2009 archaeological digs,[18] and the Abenaki were present in New Hampshire in pre-colonial times.[19] English and French explorers visited New Hampshire in 1600–1605, and David Thompson settled at Odiorne’s Point in present-day Rye in 1623. The first permanent European settlement was at Hilton’s Point (present-day Dover). By 1631, the Upper Plantation comprised modern-day Dover, Durham and Stratham; in 1679, it became the “Royal Province”. Father Rale’s War was fought between the colonists and the Wabanaki Confederacy throughout New Hampshire. New Hampshire was one of the Thirteen Colonies that rebelled against British rule during the American Revolution. During the American Revolution, New Hampshire was economically divided. The Seacoast region revolved around sawmills, shipyards, merchants’ warehouses, and established village and town centers, where wealthy merchants built substantial homes, furnished them with luxuries, and invested their capital in trade and land speculation. At the other end of the social scale, there developed a permanent class of day laborers, mariners, indentured servants and slaves. Site of first house in New Hampshire, present mansion constructed in 1750, by Gov. W. B. Wentworth, New York Public LibraryIn December 1774, Paul Revere warned Patriots that Fort William and Mary would be reinforced with British troops. The following day, John Sullivan raided the fort for weapons. During the raid, the British soldiers fired at rebels with cannon and muskets, but there were apparently no casualties. These were among the first shots in the American Revolutionary period, occurring approximately five months before the Battles of Lexington and Concord. On January 5, 1776, New Hampshire became the first colony to declare independence from Great Britain, almost six months before the Declaration of Independence was signed by the Continental Congress.[20] The United States Constitution was ratified by New Hampshire on June 21, 1788, when New Hampshire became the ninth state to do so.[21] New Hampshire was a Jacksonian stronghold; the state sent Franklin Pierce to the White House in the election of 1852. Industrialization took the form of numerous textile mills, which in turn attracted large flows of immigrants from Quebec (the “French Canadians”) and Ireland. The northern parts of the state produced lumber, and the mountains provided tourist attractions. After 1960, the textile industry collapsed, but the economy rebounded as a center of high technology and as a service provider. Starting in 1952, New Hampshire gained national and international attention for its presidential primary held early in every presidential election year. It immediately became the most important testing ground[weasel words] for candidates for the Republican and Democratic nominations. The media gave New Hampshire and Iowa about half of all the attention paid to all states in the primary process, magnifying the state’s decision powers and spurring repeated efforts by out-of-state politicians to change the rules.[citation needed] GeographyFurther information: List of counties in New Hampshire, List of mountains in New Hampshire, List of lakes in New Hampshire, List of rivers in New Hampshire, and Geology of New Hampshire Map of New Hampshire, with roads, rivers, and major cities Shaded relief map of New Hampshire Mount Adams (5,774 ft or 1,760 m) is part of New Hampshire’s Presidential Range. Lake Winnipesaukee and the Ossipee MountainsNew Hampshire is part of the six-state New England region of the Northeastern United States. It is bounded by Quebec, Canada, to the north and northwest; Maine and the Gulf of Maine to the east; Massachusetts to the south; and Vermont to the west. New Hampshire’s major regions are the Great North Woods, the White Mountains, the Lakes Region, the Seacoast, the Merrimack Valley, the Monadnock Region, and the Dartmouth-Lake Sunapee area. New Hampshire has the shortest ocean coastline of any U.S. coastal state, with a length of 18 miles (29 km),[22] sometimes measured as only 13 miles (21 km).[23] The White Mountains range in New Hampshire spans the north-central portion of the state. The range includes Mount Washington, the tallest in the northeastern U.S.—site of the second-highest wind speed ever recorded—[24] as well as Mount Adams and Mount Jefferson. With hurricane-force winds every third day on average, more than a hundred recorded deaths among visitors, and conspicuous krumholtz (dwarf, matted trees much like a carpet of bonsai trees), the climate on the upper reaches of Mount Washington has inspired the weather observatory on the peak to claim that the area has the “World’s Worst Weather”.[25] The White Mountains were home to the rock formation called the Old Man of the Mountain, a face-like profile in Franconia Notch, until the formation disintegrated in May 2003. Even after its loss, the Old Man remains an enduring symbol for the state, seen on state highway signs, automobile license plates, and many government and private entities around New Hampshire. In southwestern New Hampshire, the landmark Mount Monadnock has given its name to a class of earth-forms—a monadnock—signifying, in geomorphology, any isolated resistant peak rising from a less resistant eroded plain. New Hampshire has more than 800 lakes and ponds, and approximately 19,000 miles (31,000 km) of rivers and streams.[26] Major rivers include the 110-mile (177 km) Merrimack River, which bisects the lower half of the state north–south before passing into Massachusetts and reaching the sea in Newburyport. Its tributaries include the Contoocook River, Pemigewasset River, and Winnipesaukee River. The 410-mile (660 km) Connecticut River, which starts at New Hampshire’s Connecticut Lakes and flows south to Connecticut, defines the western border with Vermont. The state border is not in the center of that river, as is usually the case, but at the low-water mark on the Vermont side; meaning the entire river along the Vermont border (save for areas where the water level has been raised by a dam) lies within New Hampshire.[27] Only one town—Pittsburg—shares a land border with the state of Vermont. The “northwesternmost headwaters” of the Connecticut also define the part of Canada–U.S. border. The Piscataqua River and its several tributaries form the state’s only significant ocean port where they flow into the Atlantic at Portsmouth. The Salmon Falls River and the Piscataqua define the southern portion of the border with Maine. The Piscataqua River boundary was the subject of a border dispute between New Hampshire and Maine in 2001, with New Hampshire claiming dominion over several islands (primarily Seavey’s Island) that include the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard. The U.S. Supreme Court dismissed the case in 2002, leaving ownership of the island with Maine. New Hampshire still claims sovereignty of the base, however.[28] The largest of New Hampshire’s lakes is Lake Winnipesaukee, which covers 71 square miles (184 km2) in the east-central part of New Hampshire. Umbagog Lake along the Maine border, approximately 12.3 square miles (31.9 km2), is a distant second. Squam Lake is the second largest lake entirely in New Hampshire. New Hampshire has the shortest ocean coastline of any state in the United States, approximately 18 miles (29 km) long.[29] Hampton Beach is a popular local summer destination. About 7 miles (11 km) offshore are the Isles of Shoals, nine small islands (four of which are in New Hampshire) known as the site of a 19th-century art colony founded by poet Celia Thaxter, and the alleged location of one of the buried treasures of the pirate Blackbeard. It is the state with the highest percentage of timberland area in the country.[30] New Hampshire is in the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome. Much of the state, in particular the White Mountains, is covered by the conifers and northern hardwoods of the New England-Acadian forests. The southeast corner of the state and parts of the Connecticut River along the Vermont border are covered by the mixed oaks of the Northeastern coastal forests.[31] The state’s numerous forests are popular among autumnal leaf peepers seeking the brilliant foliage of the numerous deciduous trees. The northern third of the state is locally referred to as the “north country” or “north of the notches”, in reference to the White Mountain passes that channel traffic. It contains less than 5% of the state’s population, suffers relatively high poverty, and is steadily losing population as the logging and paper industries decline. However, the tourist industry, in particular visitors who go to northern New Hampshire to ski, snowboard, hike and mountain bike, has helped offset economic losses from mill closures. Environmental protection emerged as a key state issue in the early 1900s in response to poor logging practices. In the 1970s, activists defeated a proposal to build an oil refinery along the coast and limited plans for a full-width interstate highway through Franconia Notch to a parkway.[32][33] Winter season lengths are projected to decline at ski areas across New Hampshire due to the effects of climate change, which is likely to continue the historic contraction and consolidation of the ski industry and threaten individual ski businesses and communities that rely on ski tourism.[34] Flora and faunaSee also: List of birds of New HampshireBlack bears, white-tailed deer, and moose can be found all over New Hampshire. There are also less-common animals such as the marten and the Canadian lynx.[35] ClimateNew Hampshire experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa in some southern areas, Dfb in most of the state, and Dfc subarctic in some northern highland areas), with warm, humid summers, and long, cold, and snowy winters. Precipitation is fairly evenly distributed all year. The climate of the southeastern portion is moderated by the Atlantic Ocean and averages relatively milder winters (for New Hampshire), while the northern and interior portions experience colder temperatures and lower humidity. Winters are cold and snowy throughout the state, and especially severe in the northern and mountainous areas. Average annual snowfall ranges from 60 inches (150 cm) to over 100 inches (250 cm) across the state.[36] Average daytime highs are in the mid 70s°F to low 80s°F (24–28 °C) throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the mid 50s°F to low 60s°F (13–15 °C). January temperatures range from an average high of 34 °F (1 °C) on the coast to overnight lows below 0 °F (−18 °C) in the far north and at high elevations. Average annual precipitation statewide is roughly 40 inches (100 cm) with some variation occurring in the White Mountains due to differences in elevation and annual snowfall. New Hampshire’s highest recorded temperature was 106 °F (41 °C) in Nashua on July 4, 1911, while the lowest recorded temperature was −47 °F (−44 °C) atop Mount Washington on January 29, 1934. Mount Washington also saw an unofficial −50 °F (−46 °C) reading on January 22, 1885, which, if made official, would tie the record low for New England (also −50 °F (−46 °C) at Big Black River, Maine, on January 16, 2009, and Bloomfield, Vermont on December 30, 1933). Extreme snow is often associated with a nor’easter, such as the Blizzard of ’78 and the Blizzard of 1993, when several feet accumulated across portions of the state over 24 to 48 hours. Lighter snowfalls of several inches occur frequently throughout winter, often associated with an Alberta Clipper. New Hampshire, on occasion, is affected by hurricanes and tropical storms—although, by the time they reach the state, they are often extratropical—with most storms striking the southern New England coastline and moving inland or passing by offshore in the Gulf of Maine. Most of New Hampshire averages fewer than 20 days of thunderstorms per year and an average of two tornadoes occur annually statewide.[37] The National Arbor Day Foundation plant hardiness zone map depicts zones 3, 4, 5, and 6 occurring throughout the state[38] and indicates the transition from a relatively cooler to warmer climate as one travels southward across New Hampshire. The 1990 USDA plant hardiness zones for New Hampshire range from zone 3b in the north to zone 5b in the south.[39] Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in New Hampshire[40]LocationJuly (°F)July (°C)January (°F)January (°C)Manchester82/6428/1733/150/−9Nashua82/5928/1533/120/−11Concord82/5728/1430/10 −1/−12Portsmouth79/6126/1632/160/−9Keene82/5628/1331/9 −1/−12Laconia81/6027/1630/11 −1/−11Lebanon82/5828/1430/8−1/−13Berlin78/5526/1327/5–3/–15Metropolitan areasFor a more comprehensive list, see List of cities and towns in New Hampshire. Downtown ManchesterMetropolitan areas in the New England region are defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as New England City and Town Areas (NECTAs). The following is a list of NECTAs fully or partially in New Hampshire:[41][42]BerlinBoston–Cambridge–NashuaHaverhill–Newburyport–Amesbury Town NECTA DivisionLawrence–Methuen Town–Salem NECTA DivisionLowell–Billerica–Chelmsford NECTA DivisionNashua NECTA DivisionClaremontConcordDover–DurhamFranklinKeeneLaconiaLebanonManchesterPortsmouthDemographicsHistorical populationCensusPop.Note%±1790141,885—1800183,85829.6%1810214,46016.6%1820244,15513.8%1830269,32810.3%1840284,5745.7%1850317,97611.7%1860326,0732.5%1870318,300−2.4%1880346,9919.0%1890376,5308.5%1900411,5889.3%1910430,5724.6%1920443,0832.9%1930465,2935.0%1940491,5245.6%1950533,2428.5%1960606,92113.8%1970737,68121.5%1980920,61024.8%19901,109,25220.5%20001,235,78611.4%20101,316,4706.5%20201,377,5294.6%2023 (est.)1,402,0541.8%Source: 1910–2020[43][44]Population Ethnic origins in New Hampshire As of the 2020 census, the resident population of New Hampshire was 1,377,529,[43] a 4.6% increase since the 2010 United States Census. The center of population of New Hampshire is in Merrimack County, in the town of Pembroke.[45] The center of population has moved south 12 miles (19 km) since 1950,[46] a reflection of the fact that the state’s fastest growth has been along its southern border, which is within commuting range of Boston and other Massachusetts cities. As indicated in the census, in 2020 88.3% of the population were White; 1.5% were Black or African American; 0.2% were Native American or Alaskan Native; 2.6% were Asian; 0.0% were Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander; 1.7% were some other race; and 5.6% were two or more races. 4.3% of the total population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 18.6% of the population were under 18 years of age; 19.3% were 65 years and over. The female population was 50.5%.[47] The most densely populated areas generally lie within 50 miles (80 km) of the Massachusetts border, and are concentrated in two areas: along the Merrimack River Valley running from Concord to Nashua, and in the Seacoast Region along an axis stretching from Rochester to Portsmouth. Outside of those two regions, only one community, the city of Keene, has a population of over 20,000. The four counties covering these two areas account for 72% of the state population, and one (Hillsborough) has nearly 30% of the state population, as well as the two most populous communities, Manchester and Nashua. The northern portion of the state is very sparsely populated: the largest county by area, Coos, covers the northern one-fourth of the state and has only around 31,000 people, about a third of whom live in a single community (Berlin). The trends over the past several decades have been for the population to shift southward, as many northern communities lack the economic base to maintain their populations, while southern communities have been absorbed by the Greater Boston metropolis. Largest reported ancestry groups in New Hampshire by town as of 2013. Dark purple indicates Irish, light purple English, pink French, turquoise French Canadian, dark blue Italian, and light blue German. Gray indicates townships with no reported data.As of the 2010 census, the population of New Hampshire was 1,316,470. The gender makeup of the state at that time was 49.3% male and 50.7% female. 21.8% of the population were under the age of 18; 64.6% were between the ages of 18 and 64; and 13.5% were 65 years of age or older.[48] Additionally, about 57.3% of the population was born out of state.[49] According to HUD’s 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 1,605 homeless people in New Hampshire.[50][51] New Hampshire racial composition of population Racial composition1990[52]2000[53]2010[48]2020[47]White98.0%96.0%93.9%88.3%Black or African American0.6%0.7%1.1%1.5%American Indian and Alaska Native0.2%0.2%0.2%0.2%Asian0.8%1.3%2.2%2.6%Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander––0.0%0.0%Other race0.3%0.6%0.9%1.7%Two or more races–1.1%1.6%5.6%Hispanic or Latino(of any race)1.0%1.7%2.8%4.3%Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.8% of the population in 2010: 0.6% were of Mexican, 0.9% Puerto Rican, 0.1% Cuban, and 1.2% other Hispanic or Latino origin. As of 2020, the Hispanic or Latino population was counted as 4.3%.[47] The Native American/Alaska native population is listed as 0.3% in the 2020 census, but may be higher.[54] According to the 2012–2017 American Community Survey, the largest ancestry groups in the state were Irish (20.6%), English (16.5%), French (14.0%), Italian (10.4%), German (9.1%), French Canadian (8.9%), and American (4.8%).[55] New Hampshire has the highest percentage (22.9%) of residents with French/French Canadian/Acadian ancestry of any U.S. state.[56] In 2018, the top countries of origin for New Hampshire’s immigrants were India, Canada, China, Nepal and the Dominican Republic.[57] According to the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey estimates from 2017, 2.1% of the population aged 5 and older speak Spanish at home, while 1.8% speak French.[58] In Coos County, 9.6% of the population speaks French at home,[59] down from 16% in 2000.[60] In the city of Nashua, Hillsborough County, 8.02% of the population speaks Spanish at home.[61] Demographics of the top five municipalities by population[62][63]ManchesterNashuaConcordDerryDoverPopulation, Census (2020)115,64491,32243,97634,31732,741Population, Census (2010)109,56586,49442,69533,10929,987Population change (April 1, 2010, to April 1, 2020)5.5%5.6%3.0%3.6%9.2%Age and sex (2020)Persons under 5 years5.3%5.0%4.2%5.0%4.6%Persons under 18 years18.7%19.2%17.2%20.6%18.1%Persons 65 years and over14.9%16.7%19.1%14.2%16.8%Female persons50.1%50.4%49.8%50.4%50.8%Race and ethnicity (2020)White76.7%73.1%85.4%89.3%85.7%Non-Hispanic White74.0%70.3%84.5%88.1%84.9%Hispanic or Latino11.8%13.9%3.1%4.6%3.2%Black or African American5.5%3.0%3.8%1.2%1.7%American Indian and Alaska Native0.3%0.3%0.3%0.1%0.2%Asian4.2%7.8%4.1%1.6%5.5%Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander—–Two or more races7.9%9.0%5.2%6.0%5.6%Population characteristics (2017–2022)Veterans6,2125,1032,8852,2561,569Foreign-born persons14.9%15.8%8.2%4.8%5.8%Birth dataNote: Percentages in the table do not add up to 100, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number. Live Births by Single Race/Ethnicity of MotherRace2013[64]2014[65]2015[66]2016[67]2017[68]2018[69]2019[70]2020[71]2021[72]2022[73]White:11,570 (93.3%)11,494 (93.4%)11,600 (93.3%)…………………> Non-Hispanic White11,064 (89.2%)10,917 (88.7%)10,928 (87.9%)10,641 (86.7%)10,524 (86.9%)10,317 (86.0%)10,079 (85.1%)10,075 (85.4%)10,848 (85.9%)10,318 (85.4%)Asian485 (3.9%)528 (4.3%)527 (4.2%)504 (4.1%)479 (4.0%)472 (3.9%)508 (4.3%)428 (3.6%)432 (3.4%)441 (3.7%)Black316 (2.5%)259 (2.1%)280 (2.3%)208 (1.7%)234 (1.9%)241 (2.0%)255 (2.2%)256 (2.2%)274 (2.2%)267 (2.2%)American Indian25 (0.2%)21 (0.2%)26 (0.2%)8 (0.0%)26 (0.2%)13 (0.1%)18 (0.2%)10 (0.1%)8 (>0.1%)16 (0.1%)Hispanic (of any race)513 (4.1%)591 (4.8%)638 (5.1%)697 (5.7%)673 (5.6%)745 (6.2%)771 (6.5%)797 (6.7%)860 (6.8%)812 (6.7%)Total New Hampshire12,396 (100%)12,302 (100%)12,433 (100%)12,267 (100%)12,116 (100%)11,995 (100%)11,839 (100%)11,791 (100%)12,625 (100%)12,077 (100%)Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.ReligionReligion in New Hampshire according to PRRI American Values Atlas (2021)[74] Unaffiliated (40%) Catholicism (30%) Protestantism (23%) Unitarian/Universalist (2%) Jehovah’s Witnesses (1%) Judaism (2%) Other (2%)A Pew survey in 2014 showed that the religious affiliations of the people of New Hampshire was as follows: nonreligious 36%, Protestant 30%, Catholic 26%, Jehovah’s Witness 2%, LDS (Mormon) 1%, and Jewish 1%.[75] A survey suggests people in New Hampshire and Vermont[note 4] are less likely than other Americans to attend weekly services and only 54% say they are “absolutely certain there is a God” compared to 71% in the rest of the nation.[note 5][76] New Hampshire and Vermont are also at the lowest levels among states in religious commitment. In 2012, 23% of New Hampshire residents in a Gallup poll considered themselves “very religious”, while 52% considered themselves “non-religious”.[77] According to the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) in 2010, the largest denominations were the Catholic Church with 311,028 members; the United Church of Christ with 26,321 members; and the United Methodist Church with 18,029 members.[78] In 2016, a Gallup Poll found that New Hampshire was the least religious state in the United States. Only 20% of respondents in New Hampshire categorized themselves as “very religious”, while the nationwide average was 40%.[79] According to the 2020 Public Religion Research Institute study, 64% of the population was Christian, dominated by Roman Catholicism and evangelical Protestantism.[80] In contrast with varying studies of estimated irreligiosity, the Public Religion Research Institute reported that irreligion declined from 36% at the separate 2014 Pew survey to 25% of the population in 2020. In 2021, the unaffiliated increased to 40% of the population, although Christianity altogether made up 54% of the total population (Catholics, Protestants, and Jehovah’s Witnesses). EconomyFurther information: New Hampshire locations by per capita income and List of power stations in New Hampshire Farmers’ market of Mack’s ApplesTotal employment (2016): 594,243Number of employer establishments: 37,868[81]The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that New Hampshire’s total state product in 2018 was $86 billion, ranking 40th in the United States.[82] Median household income in 2017 was $74,801, the fourth highest in the country (including Washington, DC).[83] Its agricultural outputs are dairy products, nursery stock, cattle, apples and eggs. Its industrial outputs are machinery, electric equipment, rubber and plastic products, and tourism is a major component of the economy.[84] New Hampshire experienced a major shift in its economic base during the 20th century. Historically, the base was composed of traditional New England textiles, shoemaking, and small machine shops, drawing upon low-wage labor from nearby small farms and parts of Quebec. Today, of the state’s total manufacturing dollar value, these sectors contribute only two percent for textiles, two percent for leather goods, and nine percent for machining.[85] They experienced a sharp decline due to obsolete plants and the lure of cheaper wages in the Southern United States. New Hampshire today has a broad-based and growing economy, with a state GDP growth rate of 2.2% in 2018.[82] The state’s largest economic sectors in 2018, based on contribution to GDP, are: 15% real estate and rental and leasing; 13% professional business services; 12% manufacturing; 10% government and government services; and 9% health care and social services.[86] The state’s budget in FY2018 was $5.97 billion, including $1.79 billion in federal funds.[87] The issue of taxation is controversial in New Hampshire, which has a property tax (subject to municipal control) but no broad sales tax or income tax. The state does have narrower taxes on meals, lodging, vehicles, business and investment income, and tolls on state roads. According to the Energy Information Administration, New Hampshire’s energy consumption and per capita energy consumption are among the lowest in the country. The Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant, near Portsmouth, is the largest nuclear reactor in New England and provided 57% of New Hampshire’s electricity generation in 2017. Power generation from wind power increased strongly in 2012 and 2013, but remained rather flat for the next ten years at around 4% of consumption. In 2016, 2017 and at least 2019–2022, New Hampshire obtained more of its electricity generation from wind power than from coal-fired power plants. hydroelectric and power produce with wood are other important renewable resources). New Hampshire was a net exporter of electricity, exporting 63 trillion British thermal units (18 TWh).[88] New Hampshire’s residential electricity use is low compared with the national average, in part because demand for air conditioning is low during the generally mild summer months and because few households use electricity as their
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